Introduction The ionosphere—a region of Earth’s upper atmosphere extending from roughly 60 to 1,000 kilometers above the surface—serves as a critical boundary layer between our planetary environment and outer space. Characterized by a significant concentration...
Introduction The interaction between Earth’s solid surface and its atmospheric envelope represents one of geophysics’ most intriguing frontiers. While researchers have long studied both domains independently, the potential connections between seismic...
Environmental modeling presents challenges that extend well beyond examining isolated natural systems. The intricate web of interactions between various environmental factors creates complex dynamics that require sophisticated understanding. Among these...
